My Personal Philosophy of Special Education Essay

My personal philosophy of special education drives not from teaching in the field, but from, observations, and personal experience, and the workshops I attended. I have had the opportunity to work with individuals with special needs in many different settings, all this help cultivate my knowledge in handling the needs of the special needed student. Special needs students have the ability to learn, to function, to grow, and most importantly to succeed. The difference comes into how they learn or how they need to be taught. There are as many beliefs about the hows as there are teachers and each of us forms our own philosophy through our experiences and research. As a student in a special education teachers’ program, learners with†¦show more content†¦There should also be hands-on time to include this strength, using magnet boards or sentence strips. Students with learning disabilities do have the ability to overcome the disability; it is just a matter of building on strengths and finding new ways that work for the student to learn. It is not that students with learning disabilities have something wrong with them, they only learn in a different way. In fact, all students learn differently and focusing on each students strengths would benefit them greatly in their education. As teachers, we should apply methods we use in Special Education to all students. For instance, using accommodations such as graphic organizers or flexible means of presentation helps all students excel. The graphic organizers assist with students overall understanding and attention during the lessons. The flexible means of presentation such as lecture, group work, and hands on work allows all students to learn the material as they each have a different primary mode of learning visual, auditory, kinesthetic, and tactile. As an educator, it is my job to find new ways for my students to learn that coincides with their particular learning style and takes advantage of the ir strengths. In all practical terms, this will mean finding new ways for each of my students to learn in their own particular way. As a whole, my students will need more reason to learn with authentic experiences, hands-onShow MoreRelatedMy Personal Philosophy Of Special Education878 Words   |  4 Pages This is a Summary about my personal Philosophy of Special Education. I will be giving my thoughts on the Purpose of schooling, Nature of Learners, Curriculum, Instructional Methods, Classroom management, Assessment practices and Professional relationships with family and community. Purpose of Schooling Special education has been a very important topic through the years since the beginning of the education program in the United States because of its philosophy on inclusion and educating individualsRead More My Philosophy of Teaching Essay1400 Words   |  6 PagesPhilosophy of Education Education is something that every person should be given the chance to attain. It is vital for all people young, old, mentally impaired, ADHD, or whatever characteristic they may encompass. I believe everyone has the right to learn and be taught in an school environment. The law passed in 1975, P.L. 94-142, made numerous changes in the way certain children with special needs was being treated in the public school system. With the update in 1991, IDEA (IndividualsRead MorePhilosophy of Education985 Words   |  4 PagesMy Personal Philosophy of Special Education Christina L. Richardson Grand Canyon University: SPE-529N November 18, 2012 My Personal Philosophy of Special Education As educators, we need a foundation for why we want to teach, where students with different disabilities fit in that foundation, a rationale for how we teach, and a principle that keeps us striving to be the best educators we can be. The purpose of this essay is to point out what I believe the foundation, student location, rationaleRead MoreEssay on Educational Goals and Philosophy956 Words   |  4 PagesEducational Goals and Philosophies My life has been greatly influenced by family members who are educators: my mother is a third grade teacher, my father an elementary school principal, my sister a high school English teacher, and my brother who obtains a degree in agricultural education. This has instilled in me the desire to become, like them, a good educator but is defiantly not the only reason for my decision to peruse teaching as an occupation. There are several reasons why I haveRead MoreDr. Combs . . . . . . . Educators Preserve Technique Before738 Words   |  3 PagesHowever, learners retain brilliant approach ahead of comprehending findings. I acquire a personal philosophy through reading chapter three chapter 4 in Foundations of American Education. My personal philosophy is Behaviorism seeing it is similar to the school I worked at as an Teacher’s Assistant. The ideas are similar to what I do currently. The ensuing paper presents my philosophy on special education seeing purpose of sch ooling, nature of learnings, curriculum, instructional methods, classroomRead MoreGeneral And Special Education Teachers Face Today1260 Words   |  6 PagesThere are many issues that general and special education teachers face today. The goal of both of these types of teachers should be that they try their best to make their students succeed. Teaching can be very difficult and people that are passionate about it should do it. However, many general and special education teachers face many challenges throughout their teaching careers that make teaching difficult for them. One issue that teachers lack today is lack of proper coaching from school staffRead MoreGeneral And Special Education Teachers Face Today1260 Words   |  6 PagesThere are many issues that general and special education teachers face today. The goal of both of these types of teachers should be that they try their best to make their students succeed. Teaching can be very difficult and people that are passionate about it should do it. However, many general and special education teachers face many challenges throughout their teaching careers that make teaching difficult for them. One issue that teachers lack today is lack of proper coaching from school staffRead MoreA Personal Philosophy Of Education869 Words   |  4 Pagesthe healthcare field continues to evolve so must the nursing education system. Personal Philosophy of Education A personal philosophy of education is important to all Nurse Educators. It allows for the Nurse Educator to truly take time to reflect and reconnect to themselves and their profession; highlighting what is central and sacred to them as an individual, a nurse, and an educator. I believe that my personal philosophy of education will continue to progress and change just as healthcare andRead More Behaviorism and the Never-Ending Need for Discipline Essays1219 Words   |  5 Pagesdictionary defines education as â€Å"the act or process of training by a prescribed or customary course or study of discipline.† I, however, see it as much more. Education, in my perspective, is the greatest gift a human can receive. I want to be one of the many caring individuals that can give this priceless gift- I want to be a teacher. There are many current trends and philosophies when dealing with education. Behaviorism, the philosophy of education in which I regard, will be incorporated into m y classroomRead MoreNursing Philosophy : Nursing And Nursing Essay1660 Words   |  7 Pages Nursing Philosophy Nursing philosophy is defined as a nurse or students thought of what they believe to be true about the nature of the profession of nursing and to provide a base for nursing practice. (2016, para.1) The nursing field continues to develop into a professional scope of practice and nurses continue to work to develop a high standard for the profession. The values and skills that nurses’ learn as they care for patients continue to develop into rules and regulations for future nurses

Internet Privacy and Social Media Websites Essay - 597 Words

All human beings have three lives: public, private, and secret. -- Gabriel Garcia Marquez If you are not paying for it, youre not the customer; youre the product being sold. -- Anonymous Do you remember the last time something was taken from you that was rightfully yours? My answer would be high school when someone snatched my wallet with all my hard earned money in it. Stealing in the United States, depending on the total value of items stole, and the state, is a crime punishable up to life imprisonment. It’s also one of the only things that is agreed upon in any part of the world; stealing is wrong. The Federal Bureau of Investigation reported that approximately 412,000 larceny arrests were made in the United States†¦show more content†¦We don’t have time to read that stuff! People have no idea what they are signing up for. Further, they probably don’t know those terms of service are legally binding. I’m here to tell you what you really are signing up for. Everything you put on social media is legally yours; with the exception of a few things that is. You weren’t expecting that right? Below I will briefly describe relevant user content laws on some of the most popular social media websites: Facebook - Facebook owns all of your posted content, unless you choose to delete it. If your content has been shared by someone else, you are unable to delete it and Facebook claims ownership. Twitter- You own any post 140 characters or Pinterest- You own everything you posted originally. However, Pinterest reserves the right to modify any of your original content, making any modified version their property. Deleting content takes this right away from Pinterest. However, anything that has been repinned by others becomes the property of Pinterest. So why are there so many rumors about social media websites stealing and or owning our content? I’ve already given you the answer. People don’t read the terms of service. As future leaders in the world, we need to take that extra time and actually read the things we are accepting online. This not only protects our personal future, it will give us the opportunity to educate others laterShow MoreRelatedThe Impact Of Privacy On Usage Trends For Social Networking Sites1209 Words   |  5 PagesThe rise of social media networks and web applications has amounted to a large amount of multimedia data being produced and communicated across the world. Although user awareness for risks associated with using these websites and applications is at an abysmally low levels as measured by an independent survey. The risks and challenges such as identity theft and disclosure of sensitive information should be properly addressed towards customers to avoid any potential loss of their priva te and personalRead MoreIs The Absolute Security On The Internet?1561 Words   |  7 Pages Do you believe that there is absolute security on the Internet? I would answer no because I never know if there is anybody spying on me somewhere through the internet and track what am I doing daily. I’m always concerned about this issue and I think almost everybody in the world who does social networking or goes online Nowadays, many people experience problems regarding privacy on technology, such as the Internet. With technology, people can do all sorts of things and socialize with people fromRead MoreIs Personal Privacy At Risk From Social Media?1624 Words   |  7 PagesIs personal privacy at risk due to social media? Since the creation of the first social media site in the late 1990s, over 2 billion people around the world use social media every day. Over the past decade personal and professional life have gradually become overwhelmed with social media, such as Facebook, YouTube, and Twitter. What all these sites have in common is that they enable people to share, communicate, connect, and build careers while enjoying their social lives. In this world, people haveRead MoreFacebook Is An Online Social Networking1079 Words   |  5 PagesFacebook is an online social networking website founded by Mark Zuckerberg along with his fellow Harvard College roommates Andrew McCollum, Dustin Moskovitz, Eduardo Saverin, and Chris Hughes. The website allows you to create your own wall on which you can share images, personal information, videos etc. Through the site’s messaging feature persons are able to connect with friends, families and many other people around the globe. The success and popularity o f the website has attracted over a billionRead MoreHow Private Is Our Privacy On Internet?1731 Words   |  7 PagesHow Private is our Privacy on Internet? 1,846 words Stephen Hawking, a well-known scientist and researcher once said, â€Å"We are all now connected by the Internet, like neurons in a giant brain†. In other words, he meant that the internet is helpful to us, in every way, from getting the information around the world to getting connected with everyone. The world today is an age of internet where there is life in and outside of the web. The internet is very powerful and convenient, so that it hasRead MoreGeneration X, Popularly Known As â€Å"Millennials† By Americans1484 Words   |  6 PagesGeneration X, popularly known as â€Å"Millennials† by Americans and the internet culture are undoubtedly the scapegoats for the 21st centuries’ niche social problems. Web bloggers have declared Millennials the sole reason for having ruined such complex social issues such as marriage, and the idea of the American dream, to other, not so convoluted problems like the falling sales of bar soap and the increase sales of tr ee killing novels. However, these bloggers have yet to blame this generation for seeminglyRead MoreEssay about Social Media is a Source for Criiminals and Law Enforcement1748 Words   |  7 PagesSocial media has become a popular tool for both criminals and law enforcement. There are a lot of different perspectives about how social media is instrumental to crime and solving crimes. On one hand, law enforcement can use social media websites such as Facebook and Twitter to find evidence about specific crimes. On the other hand, digital villains can use social media to break the law. This could include crimes as small as illegally downloading music, anywhere upwards to broadcasting the sellingRead MoreSocial Media s Influence On Society920 Words   |  4 PagesPersonally, I have always been a little late to the social media game. By the time I get the most popular form of social media, a newer, better version has been released. The first form of social media that I ever encountered w as a website in 2006 called Club Penguin, where people could create penguins to represent themselves and go chat with any other penguin online at the time. While this isn’t what we think of as a social media website today, it had some similar aspects, especially in terms ofRead MoreEssay On Internet Privacy1658 Words   |  7 PagesInternet Privacy: An introduction (Mike Campbell) A famous and often misunderstood quote from Benjamin Franklin says that those who would give up an essential liberty to purchase a small, temporary safety, deserve neither the liberty nor the safety (Wittes, 2015) . This quote is usually used in the opposite of its original intent, according to historical context (Wittes, 2015) but it’s easy to see why it may be misused. The sentiment we likely draw from it is that sacrificing privacy for safetyRead MoreRisk a Teenager Faces on Social Media748 Words   |  3 PagesPrivacy issues have been a major concern among worried parents, college administrators and government officials. With the recent up rise in social networking websites and the timeless desire to fit in, teenagers are freely dispensing personal information that could put them at risk for attacks by cyber predators and marketing companies. The article written by Susan B. Barnes â€Å"A Privacy Paradox: Social Networking in the United States† discusses socia l network confidentiality issues by breaking down

The Australian Education Sector- Free-Samples-Myassignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Reforms in the Australian Education Sector. Answer: The education sector is one of the most important sectors in the Australian economy. Often, the industry is viewed as the backbone of the entire economy. In this regard, reforms in the sector have a major impact on the entire economy. Recently, reforms have been instigated on the countrys higher education sector. In May this year, the education minister proposed a higher education reform that would see an increase in fees paid by university students (Bexley, 2017). In addition, the students would be subjected to faster repayment schedules for educational loans. In response, the article Universities attack Birminghams higher education reform package by Julie Hare reveals that universities do not support the reforms. Fundamentally, the issues raised by the reforms are of significance to a wide array of stakeholders. First, the reforms affect university students who will be forced to pay higher fees and be subjected to strict repayment schedules for their education loans. Secondly, it affects universities who are expected to raise the annual fees paid by their students. Furthermore, parents and guardians of university and college students are concerned about the issue as they would have to dig deeper into their pockets to pay fees for their children. Lastly, the government is also a key stakeholder in the reform, as it is charged with the responsibility of seeing the reform to its implementation. The issues surrounding the reforms relate to various economic concepts and theories. Fundamentally, the proposed increase in the tuition fees paid by students for higher education is based upon the concept of demand. According to the law of demand, the quantity demanded of a particular service reduces when the price of the commodity rises. In this case, raising the fee amount and enacting stricter loan repayment systems will reduce the demand for higher education. As at now, the demand for higher education in the country is high. Thus, one may argue that the education ministry has proposed increases in the amount payable as tuition to reduce the number of individuals who seek to obtain the service. Source: (Khan, n.d.). In addition, economic theory suggests that the 2007 global recession played a significant role in the current state of issues in the country. When the global economy collapsed, high unemployment deeply cut through the nations sales and income tax. In turn, the overall tax revenue in the country reduced substantially. Years after recovery, the revenue collected cannot meet all the budget commitments. In turn, the government is forced to make budgetary cuts in various sectors. State budgets remain under pressure from the growth of basic programs such as pensions and healthcare. Notably, these programs demand a big proportion of the state revenue, leaving a limited amount for other programs like education. Consequently, this has forced the government to cut its aid to the education sector. Therefore, as public aid for education reduces, students are forced to pay more of their education cost. One may also justify the grounds of the reform from the perspective that student loan levels in the country are approaching crisis levels. Today, most individuals have forfeited their duty to repay their loans. In turn, the government has been making significant revenue losses (Ross, 2017). Mainly, this can be attributed to the fact that the level of unemployment in the country is relatively high. To make matters worse, youth joblessness is a national crisis in Australia (Schoenberger, 2016). For this reason, the government is unable to recover the loans from old students and lend to new students. What is more, entry level jobs for graduates are low-paying, making it difficult for individuals to repay their loans. Subsequently, the low repayment rates has forced the government to reduce education aids, increase student fees and be subject to strict repayment schedules. Despite the economic theories in support of the reform, one would still disagree with the decision. Predominantly, education is the backbone of every society. For this reason, the service should be considered as a basic right for every student in the country. As such, higher education should be offered to students at a low and affordable price. The repayment schedule should also be flexible to allow students to repay the loans on time and consistently. As economic theory suggests, an increase in the price of a commodity would result in a decrease in the demand for the product. In this case, raising university fees would make higher education unaffordable for students from low income families. Consequently, this would force them to drop out of school. Notably, it would make them worse off as it reduces their chances for a better life. Education provides a platform for individuals to obtain useful skills, and thus prospects for a better future. Thus, the government should reconsider it s decision and, instead, reduce the tuition fees. Graph showing the cost of studying in Australia for International Students as at 2014 Source: (Business Insider, 2014). Therefore, the government may implement a number of reforms in the education sector to ensure affordability of higher education in the country. Primarily, the government should initiate programs that aim at reducing the cost of offering the service to students. Primarily, this may be done by systematically exploring the potentials of information technology to improve educational effectiveness and cost efficiency in the country. For instance, the government should instigate online learning programs in all public universities in the country. Fundamentally, it would significantly reduce the cost of offering education services in the country, thereby making it affordable for students in the country. All in all, all factors taken into consideration, the higher education reform will negatively affect the students in the country. Raising tuition fees and instigating strict repayment schemes for student loans would make education less affordable. Fundamentally, a higher fee would reduce the demand for higher education, thereby reducing the possibilities of a better future for students who are unable to raise the high fees. For this reason, the government should reconsider major aspects in the reform and maintain university tuition fees at affordable rates. References Bexley, E. (2017, May 2). Higher education reform: small changes for now but big ones to come. The Conversation. Retrieved on 16 Aug 2017 from https://theconversation.com/higher-education-reform-small-changes-for-now-but-big-ones-to-come-76978 Hare, J. (2017, Aug 9). Universities attack Birminghams higher education reform package. The Australian. Retrieved on 16 Aug 2017 from https://www.theaustralian.com.au/higher-education/universities-attack-birminghams-higher-education-reform-package/news-story/614c9910b336ebefe31822265dda79fe Khan, S. Law of demand. Khan Academy. Retrieved on 16 Aug 2017 from https://www.khanacademy.org/economics-finance-domain/microeconomics/supply-demand-equilibrium/demand-curve-tutorial/a/law-of-demand Ross, J. (2017, Aug 9). Birmingham reforms to higher education sector unclear. The Australian. Retrieved on 16 Aug 2017 from https://www.theaustralian.com.au/higher-education/birmingham-reforms-to-higher-education-sector-unclear/news-story/56dcdd9f63b64d935b13cf460fd57bfd Pash, C. (2014). The Cost Of Getting A University Degree In Australia Is About To Change: Here's What You Need To Know. Business Insider. Retrieved on 16 Aug 2017 from https://www.businessinsider.com.au/the-cost-of-getting-a-university-degree-in-australia-is-about-to-change-heres-what-you-need-to-know-2014-6 Schoenberger, C. (2016, May 25). How to make college affordable. The Conversation. Retrieved on 16 Aug 2017 from https://review.chicagobooth.edu/public-policy/2016/article/how-make-college-affordable

The Cuban Missile Crisis Eyeball to Eyeball Essay Example For Students

The Cuban Missile Crisis: Eyeball to Eyeball Essay Eyeball to Eyeball: America, Cuba and The Soviet UnionAmerica and The Soviets again using other countries for their own warfareExcitement was high for Cuba, when Fidel Castro overthrew the dictatorship of Fulgencio Batista in January 1959. With a heady mixture of nationalism and left wing ideologies US became very cautious for its southern comrades Central and Southern America and perhaps herself. When Castro took over Cuba, the US lost valuable investments in the sugar and tobacco crops of Cuba. Fearing the spread of communism into Americas backyard the US Government imposed a strict economic blockade hoping to starve Castro into US policies. In desperation Castro turned to the soviets for balance of powers to weigh up the balance of communism ideologies. We will write a custom essay on The Cuban Missile Crisis: Eyeball to Eyeball specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now In February 1960, Castro signed a trade pact with the Soviets, which eventually led to close diplomatic relations. At this time the US Government became more worried that a communist superpower had ventured so close to her borders. By authority of Eisenhower, Cuban Exiles that were in the US at the time were given aid. At the same time the CIA began to train selected groups of the exiles to re enter their homeland and over throw Castros Government. When Kennedy was sworn into parliament in 1961 he took over the proceedings with hesitation for his states security. He advised a plan to invade Cuba once again after Eisenhowers two other invasions failed. This invasion was known well as the Bay of Pigs. In April Kennedy received reports that the invasion failed which boosted Castros prestige and embarrassed Kennedy of his new presidency. When the Bay of Bigs disastrously ended it built up confidence for the soviets and Castro and lowered Kennedy into a worriment of whats to happen next. Early 1962 Khrushchev was convinced of Kennedys weakness after the capture of Gary Powers and that they had ceased to carry out U-2 reconnaissance missions over the Soviet Union for the capture. A while after the Vienna Summit the Soviets formed yet another policy with Cuba of Brinkmanship seeing how far the Americans could be pushed before reacting. Although this strategy was a dangerous one the Soviets were thinking of the opportunities that could arise from this. One was the advantage of an east West balance that the Soviets could start to infiltrate the Americas with their ideologies. The second and most important advantage was the stationing of nuclear missiles close to the United States. Being only 140 Kilometres away from the US coast of Florida it seemed to be the most obvious base for the Soviets. Disturbing reports were received in July of 1962 by the US that showed disturbing Soviet activities on the island. A U-2 in August showed pictures of anti-aircraft facilities around Havana and in October Soviet aircraft capable of carrying nuclear weapons were spotted on the island. But the most worrying evidence of all came in the 14 of October, when another u-2 spotted what appeared to be launch sites for medium range missiles which could reach most US cities. Tow days later Kennedy was informed by his intelligence chiefs that there was no doubt about Soviet intentions. So the president immediately convened a special Executive Committee of his closest advisers to decide on policy moves. One of his closest advisors Secretary of Defence Robert McNamara gave three possibilities the president could take:The first was a political course of action of openly approaching Castro, Khrushchev and U.S. Allies in a gambit to resolve the crisis diplomatically. One of which McNamara and others considered unlikely to succeed. .uf2426591110c1e84a97f9f6ea3d256e5 , .uf2426591110c1e84a97f9f6ea3d256e5 .postImageUrl , .uf2426591110c1e84a97f9f6ea3d256e5 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uf2426591110c1e84a97f9f6ea3d256e5 , .uf2426591110c1e84a97f9f6ea3d256e5:hover , .uf2426591110c1e84a97f9f6ea3d256e5:visited , .uf2426591110c1e84a97f9f6ea3d256e5:active { border:0!important; } .uf2426591110c1e84a97f9f6ea3d256e5 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uf2426591110c1e84a97f9f6ea3d256e5 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uf2426591110c1e84a97f9f6ea3d256e5:active , .uf2426591110c1e84a97f9f6ea3d256e5:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uf2426591110c1e84a97f9f6ea3d256e5 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uf2426591110c1e84a97f9f6ea3d256e5 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uf2426591110c1e84a97f9f6ea3d256e5 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uf2426591110c1e84a97f9f6ea3d256e5 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uf2426591110c1e84a97f9f6ea3d256e5:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uf2426591110c1e84a97f9f6ea3d256e5 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uf2426591110c1e84a97f9f6ea3d256e5 .uf2426591110c1e84a97f9f6ea3d256e5-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uf2426591110c1e84a97f9f6ea3d256e5:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: jackie robinson EssayThe second was a course of action that would involve declaration of open surveillance coupled with a blockade against offensive weapons entering Cuba and military action directed against Cuba, starting an air attack against the missiles. From the proceedings Kennedy decided to initiate a naval blockade against Soviet Ships carrying missile equipment. On the 22 October Kennedy addressed the nation of what was to happen, which was a quarantine around Cuba, where no ships carrying offensive military equipment were allowed to pass. During the quarantine all American forces were to be placed on alert and that any missile attacks from Cuba would be taken as a deliberate Soviet attack and would be responded to accordingly. All eyes were fixed on Cuba and America aware that the slightest naval incident could trigger a nuclear holocaust. On the day of the 25th of October, the US navy intercepted the first of 25 Soviet chartered vessels known to be on their way to Cuba, but did not board her. The Marcula was the next to be stopped and searched the next morning. No offensive weapons were found on the Marcula and were allowed to proceed. A the day progressed the US Navy received reports that the other Soviet ships had halted and that they had turned back. The day after an ultimatum was received from Khrushchev that he would only withdraw his missiles if the US promised not to invade Cuba. The US was short relieved from this news for Khrushchev sent another message stating that the Americans also had to dismantle their missile sites in Turkey and withdraw nuclear weapons from both Britain an Italy, all of which were causing anxiety to the Soviets. Kennedy refused and the crisis yet again seemed to flare up when a U-2 was shot down over Cuba and another, on a routine flight over Alaska, somehow strayed into Soviet airspace. US government was once again put on alert and had to devise a plan to avoid war. So they decided to assumingly ignore the second letter and reply to the first, promising not to invade Cuba. A the end of the 13 day crisis, the Soviets withdrew their missiles from Cuba as soon as the US agreed to demobilize the invasion forces gathered in Florida. Quickly Kennedy agreed and the level of tension decreased. Three decades later a conference was held in Havana, Cuba attended by former Kennedy Administration members, Soviet participants in the crisis, and a Cuban delegation led by Fidel Castro. It was there that the Soviets, Cubans, and Americans learned how close the world had come to a nuclear holocaust. Soviet General Anatoly Gribkov informed participants that, in addition to their intermediate-range ballistic missiles, the Soviets had deployed nine tactical missiles in Cuba to be used against any US invasion force. Even more significantly, General Gribkov stated, Soviet field commanders in Cuba had the authority to fire those tactical nuclear weapons without further direction from the Kremlin. What might of happened had the US invaded Cuba? We can predict the results with certainty, former secretary of defence McNamara answers, then adds, No one should believe that US troops could have been attacked by tactical nuclear warheads without the US responding with nuclear warheads. I presume the delegates in that conference room was thankful that their leaders did the right thing.